Create fake videos of famous people saying anything you want in real time.

Google has software that can create dynamic audio indistinguishable from a real person (scroll to "Tacotron 2 or Human?" at the bottom):

https://google.github.io/tacotron/publications/tacotron2/index.html

Combine with this which lets you to put your facial movements on a real person:

https://youtu.be/ohmajJTcpNk

Google Map's Moat

https://www.justinobeirne.com/google-maps-moat

Annechino and Cheng spent months researching one city. But not only did Google capture all of their commerical corridors (and several more), it somehow came up with them for thousands of cities across the world. (Even my tiny hometown got a few.)

What is Code?

https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2015-paul-ford-what-is-code/

Designing a Hammock Stand

2017 note: This is a post I wrote in 2013 about a hammock stand I never built.  My plan was to build it first so I could add finished pictures, but I think I'm about ready to give up on my prospects of ever actually building this.

Every night I sleep on, what is essentially, a pile of garbage.  A while back, someone started a thread on reddit about sleeping in a hammock every night.  He had nothing but praise for hammocks and some research showed the internet generally agreed that hammocks were an excellent bed replacement.

I decided I would give it a try.  As I backpack too, I bought an ENO Doublenest that can be used for camping.  Although I have no real plans to do that.

Calculations

Before I could plan a stand for nightly, indoor, hammock use, I had to know what kind of forces it would have to handle.

The hammock's max weight rating is 400 lbs, and since it is probably better for the hammock to fail before the stand I used that as my load.

Each end of the hammock has to support half the load, however, this is not just 200 lbs.  To find out why, and see what the actual tension is we will break the force vector into its x and y components. 

We don't know the x force, and are trying to find the resultant force.  We do, however, know the angle and the y force.  The y force must be equal to just half the weight supported by the hammock.  This assumes the weight won't get shifted too much to one end.

The ideal hang angle is widely reported to be 30 degrees down from a horizontal.  A preliminary test of mine showed I liked it closer to 45.  Shallower angles increase the stresses, so I planned for 30 degrees.

The forces form a right triangle with all known angles and one known side.  It's a 30-60-90 triangle and the vertical leg is 200 lbs.  This means the horizontal force is 347 lbs and the resultant force on the line is 400 lbs.  To be clear, this means that for a 30 degree hang, each line must support the full weight in the hammock.  If we let the hammock sag more to 45 degrees it reduces the tension on the line to only 283 lbs.

Hanging Possibilities

The guy in the reddit thread said he simply hung his from eye bolts in the wall studs.  I don't have wall studs in the basement, and I wouldn't trust them if I did.  I considered hanging from the 2x8 ceiling joists.  The problem was the height would mean I would need a huge span between the two hang points.  Also, I wouldn't recommend anyone hang perpendicular to the direction of the joists, as this will cause deflection.  It might not seem like it would be a big deal, but it is generally a bad idea to introduce new stresses in directions that structural members were never designed to handle, particularly when they are holding up your house.

After some debate I decided on building a stand.  Since most the force is in the horizontal direction I thought about just hanging from a 4x4 post that I would elevate off the ground with some sort of stands on the ends.  I didn't like this idea since it would be annoying to have the post above me while sleeping, and even more annoying when it failed and crashed down on my face.

In order to deal with the high horizontal load, whatever the hammock is actually hanging from would have to be angled out.  This leads to the classic hammock stand shape of angled arms.

Will 2x4s Work?

I decided to angle my arms out at 60 degrees above the horizontal.  This meant that the hammock would hang between 30 and 15 degrees above the arm (for 30 to 45 degrees below horizontal).  To calculate the stresses in the arm I rotated the axes such that the arm was now vertical.  I then calculated the x and y force vectors in this new rotated orientation.

Drawing out the forces shows the 30 degree hang produces the same force triangle as before, just flipped.  There will be 200 lbs of force perpendicular to the arm, and 347 lbs of force parallel to it.  For the 45 degree hang it shifts to 274 lbs parallel to the arm and just 74 lbs perpendicular to it.  You can see what a significant factor the hang angle is to the forces involved.  If I were actually planning on hanging at 30 degrees I'd probably adjust the arms out further to shift more of the torque to compression.

We now have two forces which means we can see what types of load they produce on the arms.  The parallel force results in a axial compressive load, ie, like a column.  This handy calculator tells me that a 2x4 can support 1000-1500 lbs of compression over 5 unbraced feet, depending on grade.  So axial load shouldn't be a limiting factor.

The perpendicular force will produce moment (torque).  The amount will depend on the arm length, which is not yet known.  An estimate of 4.5 feet gives us 340 ft lbs for the 45 degree hang, and 900 ft lbs for the 30 degree hang.  The above calculator's brother tells me that a 2x4 should be able to handle about 375 ft lbs of bending.  This roughly matches the calculations I did on paper as a sanity check.

So, we can see that for a 30 degree hang a 2x4 wouldn't be enough.  Keep in mind we started with a load of 400 lbs in the hammock, and I'd guess that calculator has a safety margin built in, so I'd guess that a 2x4 would hold, at least for a while.

My Design

I began my design with this simple design.  Reading through the comments and several other sites I changed the design significantly.  A goal of my design was ease of construction with a total lack of tools and experience (which admittedly might impair my ability to judge what is easy to build).

After some concern about the torque in the joint I decided to create something like a half lap joint.  I will layer two 2x4s to make a quasi 4x4 as my horizontal base.  First, however, I will make a 60 degree cut through one of the 2x4s at about 2 feet from the center.  I will cut the other 2x4 at 2 feet from the center in the other direction.  Thus, both 2x4s will have a 60 degree cut, 2 feet from the center, but on opposite sides of the center.  I will then gap the cut enough to fit the 2x4 for the arm in there, and cut the bottom of the arm at 60 degrees to make it flush against the floor.  This means the two arms won't be exactly in line, but rather slightly offset.  Looking at the stand head on, the left edge of one arm will be aligned with the right edge of the other.

The two 2x4s along the base will be wood glued and screwed to form a solid 4x4 like piece.  At the end of the base 4 foot long 2x4s will be screwed into the base, forming an I shape.  They will provide stability.  At this point the design looks similar to the starting design, albeit with major, if subtle, differences.  The last change would be side bracing similar to what people in the comments added.  Each side brace would be about 4 feet long and set up at a 60 degree above horizontal angle.  For no reason I decided to put each brace on opposite sides of the ground 2x4 they connect to.  That changes their length by a bit.  It took me much longer than I care to admit to calculate what that difference would be, finally resorting to just using CAD.

Here are some preliminary CAD drawings I did.  I still plan on testing the hang length a bit more before these are final.  Since I'm well aware that no one could be expected to visualize what I described, and that these drawings don't help much, I won't publish this until I'm ready to follow this post up with a construction post with actual pictures.

In lieu of finished shots I did this render in Tinkercad:

The War To Sell You A Mattress Is An Internet Nightmare

https://www.fastcompany.com/3065928/sleepopolis-casper-bloggers-lawsuits-underside-of-the-mattress-wars

How does Shazam work

http://coding-geek.com/how-shazam-works/

10 iconic logos. 156 Americans. 80 hours of drawing from memory.

https://www.signs.com/branded-in-memory/

A High-End Mover Dishes on Truckstop Hierarchy, Rich People, and Moby Dick

https://longreads.com/2017/09/21/a-high-end-mover-dishes-on-truckstop-hierarchy-rich-people-and-moby-dick/amp/

Since I now work for a boutique van line doing high-end executive moves, all of my work is what we call pack and load. That means I’m responsible for the job from beginning to end. My crew and I will pack every carton and load every piece. On a full-service pack and load, the shipper will do nothing. I had one last summer that was more or less typical: The shipper was a mining executive moving from Connecticut to Vancouver. I showed up in the morning with my crew of five veteran movers; the shipper said hello, finished his coffee, loaded his family into a limousine, and left for the airport. My crew then washed the breakfast dishes and spent the next seventeen hours packing everything in the house into cartons and loading the truck. At destination, another crew unpacked all the cartons and placed everything where the shipper wanted it, including dishes and stemware back into the breakfront. We even made the beds. We’re paid to do all this, of course, and this guy’s move cost his company $60,000. That move filled up my entire trailer and included his car. It was all I could do to fit the whole load on without leaving anything behind, but I managed it. I do remember having to put a stack of pads and a couple of dollies in my sleeper, though.

How a recording-studio mishap shaped '80s music

https://youtu.be/Bxz6jShW-3E

A history of branch prediction from 1500000 BC to 1995

https://danluu.com/branch-prediction/

One way you might design a CPU is to have the CPU do all of the work for one instruction, then move on to the next instruction, do all of the work for the next instruction, and so on. There’s nothing wrong with this; a lot of older CPUs did this, and some modern very low-cost CPUs still do this. But if you want to make a faster CPU, you might make a CPU that works like an assembly line. That is, you break the CPU up into two parts, so that half the CPU can do the “front half” of the work for an instruction while half the CPU works on the “back half” of the work for an instruction, like an assembly line. This is typically called a pipelined CPU.

Cats Lasers Robots

Intro

The Raspberry Pi has really come along nicely.  This year for Pi Day they released an version of the $5 Pi Zero, which has wifi and costs $10.  That's $10 for a full computer with wifi, and bluetooth, which is pretty amazing (you do have to find or buy a 8GB microSD card and a micro USB power supply, so actual costs are closer to $25, but still).

I bought one without any real purpose in mind.  Around the same time my girlfriend bought a cat toy call the "Bolt".  It's a laser which reflects off a mirror and makes a large arc on the floor, randomly changing directions.  There's a single button on the back to turn it on/off.

I figured the button was just shorting something to turn it off and on, and I could replicate that with a Pi to enable it to be web controlled.

Before I began, I had some requirements in mind:

• The finished product had to be fairly well polished.  It had to look, at least at first glance, like a consumer product.  
• It had to just work when plugged in, I could spend as much time as I needed hardcoding wifi passwords ahead of time, but the end result had to be plugging it in and it working.  
• The normal button the back of the toy had to work the same as always.  
• The interface had to be relatively simple to use, I was ok with a page that could be bookmarked.

Hardware

The toy took 4 AA batteries which means it used around 5V and I could probably power it from the Pi as well.  The Pi uses 5.25 V, and while you can't power things from the GPIO pins, there is a 5.25 V pin that is a straight connection to your power supply.  The Pi power supplies are generally 1 or 2 amps, and the Pi Zero needs like 200 mA, so I figured I'd be fine on power.

So I got the toy and I cracked it open to see what was what.  It opened pretty well considering there were no screws.  The wiring was pretty simple.  Two wires supplying power from batteries, and then two wires connecting the button.

The first step was seeing if 5.25 V would even work.  AA batteries are nominally 1.5 V, which means it would be 6 V.  However, they drop off in voltage quickly, and rechargeable batteries are 1.2 V which would give 4.8 V, so it had to be fairly robust.  I hooked up a power supply, and set it to 5.25 V and confirmed everything worked.  Then I measured the voltage across the push button and confirmed it was just 5.25 V. 

The next step was cutting out the battery compartment, and confirming that 3.2 V from the GPIO pins would turn it on.  I measured the current draw of the toy at about 200 - 400 mA, which would be easily handled by my power supply.  Finally, I confirmed that the actual 5.25 V pin on the Pi could power the toy.  At this point I figured the hardware was settled, I just had to figure out how to send a command to a Pi.

Software

This is where I ran into some troubles.  While I knew a lot of ways I could do this in theory, I didn't want to have to mess with routers and port forwarding.  My first plan was to use Twilio and use SMS to control it.  However, looking into it, Twilio just converts SMS into API calls, I'd still need an API, and some way for the Pi to connect to it.

The low tech way of doing that is to just poll the API constantly.  That works, but it lacks elegance, and I'm all about elegance.

It turns out that Rails 5 supports websockets, which is the ideal way of doing this.  Websockets are just an extension to http.  Essentially websockets start as a http request, and the server just leaves the connection open.  There's more to it than that, but it's really just a standard around leaving connections open so that servers can send messages to clients without the client having to request it each time.

Websockets API

I got to work on making a Rails API, which was pretty straight forward.  The websockets stuff was also pretty easy, as Rails tends to be.  However, when it came time to make a client, I couldn't get the format of the requests right.  I was attempting to use Python, and whatever their websockets library is, but I decided to look for implementations that were designed with the Rails websockets server in mind.

I ended up using this project, which is designed to work with Rails.  Once I switched to that, the rest of the API work went quite fast.

Websockets Client

Next I made the Pi client that would listen for websocket events and turn on the cat laser.  The basic idea was simple: I found a Ruby gem to do GPIO stuff, and set it to drive my pin high for half a second.  I tested it with the hardware and everything worked (amazingly).  The hard part came in making the client robust.  This thing had to be very user friendly.  It had to just work.

The gem I was using had some hooks for unsubscribed, but I quickly learned they weren't reliable.  Further investigation revealed that there was a ping that came through every 3 seconds.  My plan was to record that and attempt to reconnect when it got old.  However, I couldn't get that gem to reconnect successfully.  My final plan was just to write the ping timestamps to a file, and then have the script end when they got old.  A separate script would check for ping age and restart the main script when it saw them old.  I set up a ramdisk for the ping file so it wouldn't kill my SD card.

This felt pretty hacky, but worked very well.  Every method of artificial connection problems I could simulate were handled by this.  It could take up to a minute to reconnect, but that was fine, and was mainly due to me running this as a cron job.  If reconnecting faster were really an issue I could do it in a loop.

Hardware, part II

With that I had a pretty solid setup.  I began to plan on how I would wire this all up.  While the hardware was simple, I was most worried about messing something up there.  It was around this time that I realized there was a flaw in my hardware plans.  I was planning on hooking a GPIO pin directly up to the low side of the push button.  I would raise it to 3.2 V and that would turn on the toy.  You could also press the button and it would raise it to 5.25 V as it normally would.  This let you use the normal button the same as always.  However, the button would also short 5.25 V to the GPIO pins, which would kill the Pi (or at least the pin).  My first thought was to use a diode, which basically act as a one way valve for voltage, but they also drop the voltage across them, and it was already lower than it should be at 3.2 V.  My tests showed the diode was unreliable.

The failed setup

My next plan was a transistor.  Transistors are both sophisticated and simple, but for my purposes I could treat them as a voltage controlled switch.  I used an NPN transistor I had laying around and connected the collector to the high side of the switch, and the emitter to the low side.  I could then supply 3.2 V to the base to send 5.25 V to the low side of the switch and turn the toy on.  Pressing the button normally would short the emitter and collector, which would be fine.  I tested this set up and it seemed to work, although it was getting difficult to test all these connections with the toy physically moving around when it turned on, and the Pi having no headers to plug stuff into securely.

The winning setup

I used this as an excuse to buy something I had my eyes on for quite some time.  This fancy third hands tool.  You can get these things for like $5, but this one has a reputation for being very versatile and well thought out.  Plus they included a bag of Swedish Fish in the box, which made me happier than anything else in recent memory.

At this point I had three wires.  One I had soldered to the low side of the switch, and then the 5.25 V and ground supplies coming from the Pi.  I shrink tubed the solder joints to protect them (after one broke).  I began thinking about how the Pi would fit inside.  The Pi zero is very small, and there was a good amount of empty space inside the toy, particularly where the batteries had gone, so fitting it wasn't a problem.  However, I wanted it to be secured in there so I wouldn't have to worry about it coming lose and putting stress on the wires.  There were four screw posts where the battery compartment had been attached.  I decided this would work perfect to attach one of the corners of the Pi.  I spent a while going over the possibilities.  There were a lot of ways the Pi almost fit, but there seemed to be one choice that was the best out of the ways it did fit.

I soldered the wires to the pins on the Pi, and I attempted to drill a hole for the cord, only to discover the plastic was having none of that.  I resorted to using pliers to cut and twist the plastic apart.  This actually worked far better than I would have expected, and the end result was pretty presentable looking.

I plugged it all in and tested it with the API hosted on Heroku.  Amazingly it worked.  I tested rebooting the server and killing the wifi and other permutations, and the client consistently reconnected.

Alexa

The API worked well, although it was a bit clunky to use, having to bookmark a page with the basic auth username and password built in.  This gave a warning on most browsers that you had to click through.  Ultimately a legitimate front end would solve this, but in the short term I decided to bring in yet another technology

I was aware that Alexa had an API to perform custom actions.  Setting it up took a few hours, mainly due to how cryptic Amazon is about everything they do.

First you need to create a lambda function.  Lambda functions are just short scripts you write in Javascript or Python and Amazon runs them when you hit some endpoint.  They're pretty straight forward.  I used Python 2.7, and set up a "role" (Amazon's permissions model) with whatever basic preset was available.  I then set the trigger to be "Alexa Skills Kit".  My code was just the color sample code, with all my code in the get_welcome_response method.  That method gets called when the Alexa runs the lambda and all I had it do was hit my API.

At this point you get an ARN which is what you need the Alexa to call to run your lambda.  The second half was much more confusing.  First, for some reason all the Alexa stuff is not in AWS, but rather the "Developer Console".  Once I found that I created a new Alexa skill.  There is a ton of configuration for the skills, but for the most part I either left it as defaults, or googled values to enter for things like "Intents".  The only real configuration I had to do was to enter my ARN as the endpoint, and enter what I wanted to say to turn it on as "Invocation Name".  Once I got to the testing step I enabled that and it worked.  I didn't have to fill out Publishing or Privacy details.

While the skill worked for me, I wanted to make it available to other users, while not actually publishing it.  After hunting around I discovered you can invite users to be developers in Settings > User Permissions.  They then have to accept, and go into the developer console and enable testing in the skill.  It will then show up as a custom skill in the Alexa app.

With this, the command "Alexa, laser" would turn it on/off, and it worked pretty well.  The only hiccups have been in Alexa failing to understand what is being said.

How's it work?

 This setup has been running for 3 months now, and has been amazingly robust.  There has been exactly one case of the API and client not working, and that was caused by the Pi losing its wifi connection for some reason and then failing to reconnect.  Unplugging the Pi fixed it.  I then set up another script to run on the Pi to check the last ping timestamp and restart the Pi if that is a few minutes old.


The code for the controller and client are on Github:

https://github.com/StephenWetzel/pi-controller

https://github.com/StephenWetzel/pi-client

Network Protocols

https://www.destroyallsoftware.com/compendium/network-protocols

TCP has no special "I lost a packet!" message. Instead, ACKs are cleverly reused to indicate loss. Any out-of-order packet causes the receiver to re-ACK the last "good" packet – the last one in the correct order. In effect, the receiver is saying "I received packet 5, which I'm ACKing. I also received something after that, but I know it wasn't packet 6 because it didn't match the next sequence number in packet 5."

If two packets simply got switched in transit, this will result in a single extra ACK and everything will continue normally after the out-of-order packet is received. But if the packet was truly lost, unexpected packets will continue to arrive and the receiver will continue to send duplicate ACKs of the last good packet. This can result in hundreds of duplicate ACKs.

When the sender sees three duplicate ACKs in a row, it assumes that the following packet was lost and retransmits it. This is called TCP fast retransmit because it's faster than the older, timeout-based approach. It's interesting to note that the protocol itself doesn't have any explicit way to say "please retransmit this immediately!" Instead, multiple ACKs arising naturally from the protocol serve as the trigger.

MP3s as a litmus test for good journalism

The MP3 format was invented by a German group in the early 90s.  They patented it, and licensed it out to companies.  This is the reason many open source programs force you to download MP3 libraries separately.

The last patents for mp3 expire this year (2017).  Now anyone can use it without having to worry about licenses.  The group that created it announced they would stop licensing it (since they can't) and suggested people move to AAC (since they still own patents on that).

The result is news organizations running stories with headlines like "MP3 is Dead".  This presents and interesting look into which sources are reliable sources for tech news, and which use hyperbolic headlines for the sake of clicks. 

I went to Google News and searched for recent articles that mentioned 'MP3'.  Some of these were pretty obvious, but some were surprising.  To be fair, some are technically correct, in saying the creator declared it dead, vs saying it actually is dead, but merely parroting a press release is still going under the 'Bad' category.  The BBC was close, but I put it in good because it didn't feel clickbaity to me, feel free to disagree.

Finally, I won't pretend like this single example is some end all test for who you should and shouldn't trust, it's just and interesting source of some empirical data.

Bad

NPR: The MP3 Is Officially Dead, According To Its Creators
The Atlantic: The End of the MP3
Gizmodo: Developers of the MP3 Have Officially Killed It
The Register: MP3 'died' and nobody noticed
Quartz: Say goodbye to the iconic MP3
CNBC: The MP3 is dead, say creators after terminating licensing
The Telegraph: Creators of the MP3 declare it dead
Tech Radar: RIP MP3 - the sound file that changed the world is declared dead

Good

Washington Post: Your MP3s are going to be just fine
Mashable: The MP3 isn't dead yet, but it's now on its last digital legs
Vice: The MP3 Is Not Dead
CNET: MP3 isn't dead, it's just sleeping
BBC: It might be time to say goodbye to the MP3 - so let's look back at its life

Are Pop Lyrics Getting More Repetitive?

https://pudding.cool/2017/05/song-repetition/

This is some good data, but the presentation is very interesting as well.

Github has all the best cat stories

https://gist.github.com/lossyrob/a663186ccf37ea613a6b9ccb78de2cd1

In broad daylight, we could see why this was street cat utopia. What used to be a deli or some other food store collapsed in what looks like the 80s. A tree had grown through the inside where the roof had collapsed, a branch somehow punching through brick wall and completely enveloping a piece of old metal shelving. There was no way into this place past the first few steps. The roof was collapsed with a capital C. You could see through the busted rafters towards the middle of the (what was now) one big room of the first floor, and to the street cats that were lazily napping in the sun, protected by their fortress.

MediTech

https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=13859961

I've been reading through these replies about "MediTech" trying to determine if it's some sort of elaborate inside joke I'm not picking up on.

There is a company called MediTech in Massachusetts that uses a derivative language of MUMPS called Magic. I know several programmers that have worked there. There are thousands of engineers writing in this language as we speak.
From what I can remember:

-Only global variables

-Variables must only be capital letters, maximum length 6. If you run out of variables, you must cleverly use them in a routine and set them back to what they are. This means you can't use a name like myVar - you use AAAFD, ZBVCXZ, etc.

-System functions are usually things like ., >, ', ], so code looks like .'AAAF]{\;:..

-Meditech writes all of their own languages, databases, operating systems, tools, etc. You can only write in a non-Meditech language if you get approval from a multi-tiered architectural design board, which barely ever happens

-The founder hated C with undying passion. No one is ever allowed to use C

-All programming hires go through a 6 to 12 month training process to learn the tools, languages, and systems. As they almost exclusively hire non-CS majors, such as math and physics majors, they don't typically have a programming background and don't realize how bizarre the MediTech stack is

A Good Overview of How Trump Operates

https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/powerpost/paloma/daily-202/2017/03/06/daily-202-wiretapping-allegations-accomplished-what-trump-wanted-but-may-backfire-bigly/58bca8bde9b69b1406c75d42/#a-eeee4b2a-39f6-425d-a928-6f366e93846f

I try not to post a lot of political or topical stuff here, but this is a very good overview of Trump and how he operates.  It goes into a lot more background and detail than just the current Russia story.

Whenever he is under fire for something in a sustained way, he makes a shocking claim or provocative declaration about something else to change the subject. He is a master practitioner at the politics of distraction. These five examples might jog your memory:

• After struggling during the first GOP primary debate to explain his disparaging comments about women, he attacked Megyn Kelly. “There was … blood coming out of her wherever,” he said, ensuring that the media focused on the new Trump-Kelly “feud.”

• When the 2005 Access Hollywood video came out, he brought Bill Clinton’s former accusers to St. Louis as his guests to the second debate.

• In November, the morning after agreeing to settle a fraud lawsuit against Trump University for $25 million, he demanded that the cast of “Hamilton” apologize to Mike Pence.

• Days after firing Michael Flynn, he held a rambling 77-minute press conference because he knew that it would get the Flynn story out of the news.

• Perturbed when critics pointed out that he lost the popular vote, he claimed that 3 million to 5 million people voted illegally.

Top mentioned books on stackoverflow.com

http://www.dev-books.com/

We analysed more than 40 000 000 questions and answers on stackoverflow.com to bring you the top of most mentioned books (5720 in total)

How we did it:

• We got database dump of all user-contributed content on the Stack Exchange network (can be downloaded here)
• Extracted questions and answers made on stackoverflow
• Found all amazon.com links and counted it
• Created tag-based search for your convenience
• Brought it to you

Overjustification effect

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overjustification_effect

The overjustification effect occurs when an expected external incentive such as money or prizes decreases a person's intrinsic motivation to perform a task. The overall effect of offering a reward for a previously unrewarded activity is a shift to extrinsic motivation and the undermining of pre-existing intrinsic motivation. Once rewards are no longer offered, interest in the activity is lost; prior intrinsic motivation does not return, and extrinsic rewards must be continuously offered as motivation to sustain the activity.

The Line of Death

https://textslashplain.com/2017/01/14/the-line-of-death/

The Metro/Immersive/Modern mode of Internet Explorer in Windows 8 suffered from the same problem; because it was designed with a philosophy of “content over chrome”, there were no reliable trustworthy pixels. I begged for a persistent trustbadge to adorn the bottom-right of the screen (showing a security origin and a lock) but was overruled. One enterprising security tester in Windows made a visually-perfect spoofing site of Paypal, where even the user gestures that displayed the ephemeral browser UI were intercepted and fake indicators were shown. It was terrifying stuff, mitigated only by the hope that no one would use the new mode.

There are stars up there even when you can't see them

https://gfycat.com/PowerfulPrestigiousFish

I'll tell you something that really bothers me.
how are we supposed to get anything done?
With those starts casting shadows that look just like spiders?