Here’s Why Car Wheels Are So Flat These Days

 https://www.theautopian.com/heres-why-car-wheels-are-so-flat-these-days-and-no-its-not-just-aerodynamics-and-styling/

At first, rack and pinion gears were being applied to existing suspension designs but since the tire forces were being “amplified” by the large kingpin offset and scrub radius in those old designs, they were too much for the driver to take and were ripping the steering wheel out of their hands. Something had to be done and since there will always be potholes and braking forces, the only thing that the engineers could do to reduce the forces coming back through the steering system was to reduce the size of the kingpin offset and scrub radius. This meant the lower ball joints had to move outboard, the brakes had to move outboard and all the dominoes started to fall which spelled the end of deep dish wheels.

Why No Roman Industrial Revolution?

https://acoup.blog/2022/08/26/collections-why-no-roman-industrial-revolution/

Eventually in the 1800s, these engines get small enough and fuel efficient enough to be able to move their own fuel over water or rails, collapsing the prohibitive transportation costs that defined pre-industrial economies and in the process breaking the tyranny of the wagon equation, decisively transforming warfare in ways that would not be fully appreciated until 1914.

But the technology could not jump straight to railroads and steam ships because the first steam engines were nowhere near that powerful or efficient: creating steam engines that could drive trains and ships (and thus could move themselves) requires decades of development where existing technology and economic needs created very valuable niches for the technology at each stage. It is particularly remarkable here how much of these conditions are unique to Britain: it has to be coal, coal has to have massive economic demand (to create the demand for pumping water out of coal mines) and then there needs to be massive demand for spinning (so you need a huge textile export industry fueled both by domestic wool production and the cotton spoils of empire) and a device to manage the conversion of rotational energy into spun thread. I’ve left this bit out for space, but you also need a major incentive for the design of pressure-cylinders (which, in the event, was the demand for better siege cannon) because of how that dovetails with developing better cylinders for steam engines.

Is it getting hotter?

I wanted to see what actual data said about how much hotter it has gotten in my area during my lifetime.  I know climate change is going on at a global level, but I just cared about my area, is it actually getting noticeably warmer, or is it just my imagination?

Before we go any further I should stress I'm not trying to prove or disprove climate change, or do any sort of serious climate science here.  I'm just trying to answer the question: Is it actually noticeably hotter here in the Philly area now than it was when I was a kid?

I've seen graphs of average temperature over time for cities before, but I feel like they tend to use average temperature over the year.  Which, I'm sure is a more important data point for climate science, but again, I only care about if I feel hotter here.  I don't really care about days that would have been 50F and now are 60F.  I decided the right metric to use for me is how many days over 90F per year do we see?  Is that number going up?

I won't turn this into a huge post.  I grabbed data from the NOAA here, in a CSV for the Philly airport from 1980 to 2021, which roughly matches the time I've been alive.  I threw that into a database and queried the count of days per year over 80F and over 90F, and graphed both, with trend lines.

Before I put the trendline on there, I have to admit I thought the 90F version didn't show any increase.  But then I noticed how few years had less than 20 days over 90F recently vs the 80s.  We haven't had a year with less than 10 days over 90F since 2014.

The over 80F version is a bit harder to read, but I feel like it shows the upward trend better, particularly if you focus on the 100 days line.  In the 80s there were a few years with more than 100 days over 80F. In the 90s it was about half the years.  In the 2000s it was most, and then in the 2010s it was all but 2, which barely snuck in under the line.

For fun I also looked for number of days where it never went above 30F.  Note this isn't just the daily low, this is the warmest it got on any given day, or in other words, days where it never got above freezing.  Spoiler alert, it's also getting less cold.

I did also pull the lows and looked at those,  they showed similar trends.  The 1980s had an average of 25 days below 20F, the 2010s had an average of 13 days, and 2021 had exactly 1.  The one graph I will post from the lows is this one of the number of days where the low is over 70F.  In other words, days where it never goes below 70F, even over night.  If you're looking to cool your house by opening the windows over night and closing them during the day when it heats up, it's going to be pretty tough to do if it's not going below 70F at all (which probably means it's still over 80F when you're going to bed).

 

I was actually surprised at how clear the trend was in the data, and in every single version of the data I could think of to look at.  There wasn't a single dimension I looked at that didn't show this trend.  Turns out it is hotter now than when I was a kid.  Not a fan.

Mouse Heaven or Mouse Hell?

 https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/mouse-heaven-or-mouse-hell

Officially, the colony was called the Mortality-Inhibiting Environment for Mice. Unofficially, it was called mouse heaven.

Biologist John Calhoun built the colony at the National Institute of Mental Health in Maryland in 1968. It was a large pen—a 4½-foot cube—with everything a mouse could ever desire: plenty of food and water; a perfect climate; reams of paper to make cozy nests; and 256 separate apartments, accessible via mesh tubes bolted to the walls. Calhoun also screened the mice to eliminate disease. Free from predators and other worries, a mouse could theoretically live to an extraordinarily old age there, without a single worry.

But the thing is, this wasn’t Calhoun’s first rodent utopia. This was the 25th iteration. And by this point he knew how quickly mouse heaven could deteriorate into mouse hell.

Converting numbers stored as decimal to binary encoded decimal values in PostgreSQL, or how I fixed my smart water meter reader

Intro

In my previous post about reading my smart water meter in Home Assistant, I left you on a cliff hanger.  You don't really need to go back and read that post if you haven't already.  Just know that I'm reading my smart water meter using a USB SDR dongle and a tool called rtlamr, (and a wrapper for that tool called rtlamr2mqtt).  While I seemed to be able to read the meter, and the ID matched the one printed on the label, there was a drift between the two readings.

Also know that you really don't need to read this post.  Of everything I've written for this blog, this may be the most absurd self indulgent post yet.  I can guarantee you, that no one will find the contents of this post useful.

Figuring out the offset

My initial readings from the SDR were 157815, while the physical meter read 268770.  I had a suspicion that the SDR would have to be multiplied by 10, because the physical meter had an odometer style dial for all the digits down to the 10s digit.  The 1s digit was a permanent 0, and then there was a clock style dial, which I assumed was the 1s digit.

I just sort of assumed that the SDR version of this number would also have a resolution of the 10s digit, but I hoped it was better.  It was also possible it was much worse.  The water company bills me by the 1000s of gallon.  If I understood the meter, that would be the white dials.  It was entirely possible the SDR was only broadcasting that number.  I also wasn't sure what kind of time lag there would be between usage and the SDR reading changing.  I was getting readings pretty constantly, about once a minute, maybe more, but those readings didn't seem to change when I was actually using water.

After the first night I could see the SDR meter updating about once an hour.  Not ideal, if I was going to use this to help detect leaks, but still better than nothing.

I would wait until a time when we hadn't used much water, and then record the physical meter.  If the SDR didn't update for at least an hour before and after the time I read the physical meter, then I assumed that SDR reading corresponded to the physical reading I had.  My plan was to do that about once a day for a while and then try to find the offset.  I figured with just two pairs, I should be able to find the equation of the line through those points and that aught to be enough to convert between the two.  That is, as long as the SDR was increasing in a linear way.

After a day I had these two readings.  With both I verified that the SDR reading hadn't changed for a while around the time they were taking, both taken around 3pm.

6/2: 268815.4    157825
6/3: 268864.5    157830

Solving that line gave me this formula to convert the SDR reading to the physical reading: physical = 9.82 * SDR - 1281026.1.  Looking at the multiplier of 9.82 I realized that confirmed my suspicion that the SDR reading was for 10 gallons, and that the factor should just be 10, the only reason it wasn't was the error in the SDR value, since that was only accurate to 10 gallons.  I simply used 10x and found the offset and that gave me the slightly updated formula of: physical = 10 * SDR - 1309434.

And with that, I was pretty much done...

Discrepancies

6/3 was a Friday, so I didn't get a chance to get a good reading over the weekend, but come Monday I took another reading to confirm my formula worked.  On the afternoon of 6/6 I read the physical meter at 269214.8, and the SDR reading was 157985.  Plugging the SDR value into my formula gave: 10 * 157985 - 1309434 = 270416.  Which is 1201.2 gallons too high.

Now this was damn peculiar.  I wouldn't have been surprised to see some error, but 1200 gallons was way too much.  The fact that it was close to 1000 made me suspicious that perhaps I had read something wrong.  Luckily I had taken pictures of each physical meter reading.  I double and triple checked everything, but got the same results.

I went back and looked at the graph of SDR readings.  There was a clear jump at about 11:30am that day.  The previous change was at 3am and the SDR value at that time was 157849, then at 11:30 that changed to 157952.  Note that just looking at the last two digits the value went from 49 to 52.  Those are 10s of gallons so 30 gallons used.  That seemed plausible, albeit still a bit high.  I began to wonder if the first 4 digits of the SDR number were actually something else, basically two independent numbers just concatenated together.  I tried subtracting 1000 from the readings after the jump, and that helped, but they were still off by a lot.

After a week of this I began to lose hope that I'd be able to correct this issue.  I tried fitting any curve to these numbers, even though it really didn't make any sense why the meter would go up in a non-linear fashion.  I started to rationalize that at least the SDR did seem to increase when we used water, and stay the same when we didn't.  At the very least, I could do something with that.

Stumbling Block

You may remember from my first post, that my first stumbling block was reading the default scm meter type, instead of the r900 type I actually had.  It turns out this was also my second stumbling block.

I began to be more sure that A. I was not making any mistakes with these readings, and B. this was a common enough water meter that someone else must have also had this issue.  After a lot of searching, and just reading through every issue on the github project that mentioned the R900 meter, I finally found this issue.

That was it.  Turns out there was another r900 type, called r900bcd (binary coded decimal).  I had seen this type, but figured if I was able to read my meter using the r900 type that meant that was what I had.  I never thought that the r900bcd type would also be able to read my meter, but produce different outputs.

Sure enough I changed the type to r900bcd, relaunched the program, and the readings matched the physical meter exactly (up to the 10s digit).  This was both a huge relief and super annoying that I wasted so much time on what was essentially the same problem I already had.

Either way, I was happy to have accurate water usage data, to within 10 gallons and approximately an hour.  I could definitely use that to detect leaks while we were away or asleep.  But now I had a new problem.  I had already collected a week's worth of priceless data.  What was I to do with these data points, which through no fault of their own, had been encoded incorrectly?

Well, if you'd like a snack now is the time to get one, because this is the part where the blog post gets good.  If you're somewhat annoyed at having read a 1000 word essay, which was essentially a preamble to the actual purpose of this post, please remember that you were warned earlier.

Binary Coded Decimal

"What is Binary Coded Decimal (BCD)" you almost certainly do not ask yourself?  Well it's a system where instead of just converting a full number into binary, you instead take each individual decimal digit and convert it into binary.  4 binary digits let you express all the numbers from 0 to 9, so you can represent each decimal digit with 4 binary digits.  Why would we do that?  It does have some advantages when expressing numbers which could grow quite large, and we don't want to lose any precision.  Dates and times are a good example.  We could (and often do) convert a time into just the number of seconds since X, and then store that as a big binary number, but using BCD lets us encode each digit in a date exactly.

Converting decimal numbers into BCD

Now I have these values which seem all over the place, but are actually just numbers which were converted from binary to decimal, when they should have been converted from BCD into decimal.  No information has been lost, I simply need to figure out how to correct the encodings of these numbers.  Though, it took me a while to even wrap my head around what set of operations I wanted to perform.

After thinking it through for a while, and doing some trial and error with online calculators, I figured it out.  I had to convert my decimal values back into (normal) binary.  I had to then break that binary number up into groups of 4 digits each.  And then, convert each of those groups of 4 binary digits back into a decimal number.  Finally, I could just concat those decimal digits into my correct value.

From about a week I didn't have that much data to correct.  I could have very easily written a little script to iterate over each value and convert it for me.  I didn't need to do this in SQL, and in fact I wasn't even sure I could do this in SQL.  But I was pretty sure SQL could convert decimal to binary and back again, and that (plus a bunch of string manipulation) was really all I needed.

 

The Query

So without further ado, here is the monstrosity of a SQL query I wrote to convert values which had been incorrectly converted from BCD to decimal as if they were simple binary numbers.

I'll attempt to walk you through it, but if you don't know SQL you might as well just skip ahead.  I start with a subquery, as I like to do.  This subquery is just trying to convert the numbers from decimal back to binary.  This is the part doing work:

select right((state::int / 10)::bit(32)::varchar, 20) as binary_num

First it has to divide by 10, then convert to binary, then cast as a string and just take the last 20 digits (4 bits * 5 decimal digits = 20 bits in BCD).  Now that I have that BCD string, all I have to do is split it up into groups of 4 bits.  Each
SUBSTRING(binary_num, 1, 4)::bit(4)::int::varchar

Is grabbing one group of 4 bits, converting it from a string to a binary number, then to a decimal digit, and then back to a string.  And then I just concat those together, convert that back to an int so that I can multiply that by 10, and that is my corrected value.

With that I had a bunch of lines of the ids that had to change and the values they had to change to.  Now, despite having written that query, I can never remember how to write an insert or update that uses a subquery off the top of my head.  Instead I just copied the results of the select into Sublime, and used my favorite text editor feature of all time, multi-line cursor.  I just wrote an update statement for each line all at once and ran those few hundred statements together in a transaction.

 

Result

And with that, all was right.  I had my priceless data, and could admire my graphs to my heart's content.  I'll leave you with this graph of the original vs the corrected data for your viewing pleasure.

Reading my water meter from Home Assistant using a Software Defined Radio (SDR)

If you know me, you know that I must amass data.  To that end, I knew my water meter broadcast my water usage, and I had experimented with receiving that data in the past.  I also recently discovered this cool robot you can attach to any quarter turn water valve and remotely shut off your water.  I figured I could start reading and storing my water meter data, and use that to track usage, and also to attempt to detect leaks by looking for water usage while we were away or asleep.

 As is tradition, we have a long journey to get there.

 

Smart Meters

A smart meter is a meter in which the utility can read it without sending a person to walk up to it and read it with their eyes, or at least that's the definition I'm going to use here.  The newest smart meters are connected to the internet or form their own mesh network and the utility can get the readings on demand, whenever they want (called Advanced Metering Interface, or AMI).  There is also an older type of smart meter which simply broadcasts their readings every few minutes (called Automatic Meter Reading, or AMR).  The utility can then send someone around in a car to read all the meters while driving by.  They still need to send people out to all the neighborhoods, but they can cover way more ground than when they had to walk up to each meter to read it.

While the broadcast type of smart meter sounds worse, it's better for those of us who wish to hack into the signal and automate collecting data from their meters.  AMI meters are likely to be encrypted and the only way you can really access the data is if the utility provides a cloud based API to get it.  Many do, but I always prefer local solutions over cloud solutions.  AMR meters are (generally) unencrypted, and all we need to read them is something that will receive and understand the radio signals.

Software Defined Radio (SDR)

Software Defined Radio (SDR) is just what it sounds like.  It's a radio in which you can write software to determine how it functions and reads radio signals.  You get a hardware dongle and antenna and then can use different software to receive basically any radio signal.  The RTL-SDR is a very common open source one.  Everything you need is included in a kit for about $40.

Software

There is a ton of already written software out there for just about any purpose you could want to use a SDR for.  For reading smart meters the most common one is rtlamr.  The readme on that page is pretty good, but you run a separate utility called rtl_tcp in one console, then you run rtlamr in another console.  Then it'll begin dumping every smart meter packet it receives in your area.

Finding the right meter

If you can see your neighbors' houses then you'll be able to also read their meters when you fire up rtlamr.  Figuring out which meter was mine was my first stumbling block.  The ID of your meter should be printed either on the meter itself, or on a box that is wired to the meter.  I have three devices with serial numbers on them that are all connected together.  I copied down any serial numbers written on them and the current reading of my meter, and began looking through the data for a meter that matched either the serial numbers or reading.  There were at least a dozen meters I was reliably picking up, with a dozen more that I'd get occasional signals from.  I figured mine would be one of the strongest signals, and therefore one of the most frequent in the list.  The meters all seemed to broadcast every minute or so.

Still, none of the meters seemed to match mine.  This is what I was seeing (slightly anonymized):

You can see it lists Type 5 and 12.  This file says that type 5 is electrical, and type 12 is either gas or electrical.  That was odd, because I didn't think I had a smart electric meter, and thought I probably had a smart gas meter, but was just about certain I had a smart water meter.

This is one of the boxes that was attached to my water meter.  Googling it showed that a Neptune R900 was a very common water meter broadcaster.  I wondered if the ID it was broadcasting simply wasn't on the box, and if the reading it was broadcasting had some offset vs the one on my physical meter.  I had the candidate meters limited to a handful which I seemed to always receive the signals of, but none matched up.

Gameshark

Allow me to take you on a tangent.  This process reminded me a lot of my N64 Gameshark, which I often credit with getting me really interested in computers.  A Gameshark was a device a video game cartridge plugged into and then it, in turn, plugged into the console.  With the Gameshark between the game and the console it could access all the game's memory, reading and changing any values you wanted.  This let you cheat in games, but first you had to know what memory addresses to change, and how.  The memory addresses were always the same for a given game, but would be different for different games (or versions of the same game).  So if you wanted infinite lives in Mario 64, that was stored in some memory address, and once you knew which one it was, you (or anyone else who knew that address) could set that lives counter to whatever you want.  You could, of course, look these codes up online, but this was in an era of the internet when not literally every known piece of information was available within seconds.  It was often hard to find the codes you wanted, particularly for newer, or more obscure games, or if you wanted to do something else besides the common things like "infinite lives".

 

Earlier devices, like Game Genie, had a book with codes in it, but for new games you were out of luck.  The Gameshark provided a DIY way of getting these codes.  There was a button on the Gameshark, and when you pressed it, it froze the game and brought up a special menu.  This menu let you start a search for the right memory addresses that contained whatever it was you wanted to modify.  You then resumed the game and played for a bit.  Then you went back to that menu and told the Gameshark how the value you are searching for had changed.  You could say it went up, went down, stayed the same, or give it an exact value, or just that it changed in any way.  You repeated this process a few times, and eventually, from the millions of memory addresses only one would have changed in the exact pattern you specified.  Then you knew you had the right one, and you could change its value.

This process was super interesting to my 14 year old self.  The idea that literally everything about this game was just values stored in memory, and that I could modify any of them and that would modify the game I was playing was magic.

Finding the right meter, part 2

Anyway, with that section covered, I can now use this sentence: Like a real life Gameshark, I spent the night with my laptop next to my water meter and utility sink, using water to chage the water meter reading and waiting to see which broadcast meters matched my changes.  However, this only lead to more confusion as no meter seemed to match up with what I was doing.  This was complicated by not knowing what kind of lag there was between when water was used and when the new value would be broadcast, but I had pretty much ruled out any of the meters I could read being my water meter.

Upon researching this, I eventually stumbled upon some examples of other people reading R900 water meters with rtlamr.  They were all using the r900 type flag when launching rtlamr, rather than the default scm type I had been using.  For some reason I had assumed the default type would pick up all meters, and hadn't really paid attention to the other types.  Sure enough, changing the command to use the r900 type I got a totally different set of meters, with different types of data.  One of those meters had the exact ID printed on the yellow label on my Neptune R900 box, and so I was sure I had found the right meter.

Getting the data into Home Assistant

I knew I wanted to use MQTT as an intermediary to get the data into Home Assistant (HA).  When I first started dabbling with DIY sensors for HA I wrote a few custom components which would show up as a sensor directly in HA.  This proved to be a lot of work, particularly early on there were a lot of changes to the way these components had to work, and it was clear that making a custom component was intended for people who were planning on releasing their component for others to use.  I had no intentions of ever doing that, and having to support random people trying to use whatever hacked together, super specific to me, nonsense I had whipped up.

After a while, I just started writing data directly to the database.  Which I still do for a few things.  It works fine, although the one catch is I generally only put the data into the history table so it shows up in the history graphs.  I don't have the values available as a sensor that I can use to drive automations.  This is fine for most my purposes, because tracking the data is what I'm mostly after.

However, all of that is moot now, because I've discovered how easy MQTT is to use for this stuff.  MQTT is a protocol for sending messages on your local network, and is frequently used for DIY smart home devices and sensors.  You set up a server to run as a "broker" on your network, and then all your devices can publish to or subscribe to "topics".  So my DIY temperature sensors will publish to topics like: "home/bedroom/temperature" with a JSON payload there.  Home assistant then has a custom sensor you can use to read any topic and turn the values on it into a sensor.  If you get into MQTT I recommend MQTT Explorer as a GUI to help watch what data is being published to topics on your local MQTT network.

I almost began writing something to parse the text from this command line utility and send it to MQTT, but figured this would be the type of thing with a lot of glitches, and had the sense to search to see if someone else had already dealt with the headaches and edge cases.  Sure enough, I found a Python script called rtlamr2mqtt which did exactly what I wanted.  In fact, it even had an option to use the Home Assistant autodiscovery feature where, if you correctly format the MQTT topic, HA will just pick it up automatically.

The project uses Docker, but as I refuse to learn Docker, I just followed the steps in the Dockerfile manually and installed it as a regular ol' python script.

This was pretty much it.  There were some minor tweaks to the .yaml file that contained the configuration.  One cool thing I did was figure out I could multiple my readings by 10 by adding a 0 to the end of the format string, like this: "#######0".  This was nice because I was pretty sure my readings were for 10s of gallons.  The reading I was picking up didn't line up at all with what was on the physical meter, but I never really thought they would.  All that matters was if they moved by the same amount.

Over time though, I discovered the readings I was getting did not scale with what was on the physical meter at all.  They would for a short time, but then jump ahead, seemingly at random.  But, that odyssey will be in part 2.

The Gervais Principle, Or The Office According to “The Office”

 https://www.ribbonfarm.com/2009/10/07/the-gervais-principle-or-the-office-according-to-the-office/

What Protocol Lutron Caseta Uses

 https://www.smarthomepoint.com/lutron-caseta-protocol-clear-connect/

I'm a big fan of Lutron Caseta smart switches and this article does a good job of explaining how their protocol is more robust and faster than others.  I've noticed how fast it is to respond to commands sent from Home Assistant.

Lutron Caséta uses the Clear Connect RF communications protocol. This uses an entirely different frequency (434 MHz) from both Wi-Fi and 2.4 Gigahertz alternatives like ZigBee. The biggest reason for this change is to operate on a little-used frequency which gives users a better experience. Let’s take a closer look at why Lutron took the path less traveled.

Five Things We Still Don’t Know About Water

 https://nautil.us/five-things-we-still-dont-know-about-water-3383/

How to upgrade hard drives on a Linux file server

 Another in my series of blog posts about "The way I do things that fit my very specific and peculiar set of needs".  I recently upgraded my HDDs in my Linux file server, and found a pattern that worked quite well with minimum disruption.

How I have things set up

I have a headless Linux server with a SSD as the primary drive, and then a few spinning HDDs for bulk media storage.  All the drives are just formatted in ext4.  I do backups to S3 for important files.  Then, every time I upgrade the storage of these drives I copy everything to the new drive, and then remove the old drive from the machine.  That old drive serves as a backup for the bulk media stuff, combined with the plan to just redownload anything I got recently.

I've never bothered with RAID or more complex file systems because they only made sense to me if I had 4 or more drives, which I've never had.  This makes upgrading the drives a simple process.

My /etc/fstab file has a bunch of lines like this:
UUID=9fa3b7dc-3cd7-42c1-93a8-46dcf38da09d  /mnt/media         ext4  defaults  0  2

And then I share those drives using NFS by putting these lines in /etc/exports:

/mnt/media 192.168.1.0/24(rw,sync,no_subtree_check,no_root_squash)

Format the new drive

Put the drive in the machine and power it on.  If the drive is brand new it won't have any partition tables on it, or the UUID needed for the fstab file.  Here's a bunch of commands which are useful for figuring out which drive is which:

sudo blkid
lsblk -f
sudo fdisk -l

Once you know what the path to the drive is (eg, /dev/sdb), you can use fdisk to format the drive.  Be sure you have picked the right drive, because you'll wipe all your data on whatever disk you run fdisk on.  Use m to see the list of fdisk commands. But both F and p are useful to confirm you have the right (empty) disk.  Once you're sure you can run g to create the partition table, and then n to create the new partition.  The defaults should be fine.  Once you are sure you have things right, you can write your changes to the disk with w.

You now need to create the ext4 filesystem on your partition.  Do that with sudo mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1 making sure that your use the correct drive letter.  

Mount the new drive

Now run the above commands used to identify the drives again, and hopefully you see a UUID for the new drive.  Copy that UUID down and edit your fstab file with sudo nano /etc/fstab

and add the line for your new drive there, with a temporary mount point, like /mnt/media_new.  Then you need to make sure you create that mount point (sudo mkdir /mnt/media_new).  Then you can mount the drive with sudo mount -av . Now you can poke around and make sure things look right, you probably want to update the owner with sudo chown.

Copy the old data to the new drive

There are many ways you could copy the data, but I like rsync.  One nice thing is that if it gets interrupted it'll pick up where it left off.  Here's the command I came up with after exploring the options for a while: rsync -axHAWXS --info=progress2 /mnt/media/ /mnt/media_new/ The options largely came from here, so you can go there if you want to read what they do.  That took about 12 hours for me to copy about 5 TB.  While it will print out the progress, I found it much better to just ssh in on a new tab and then run df -Th and compare the disk usage of the old and new drives.  After the first pass though, running it again, to make sure there wasn't anything new, only took a couple minutes.

Make the swap

This isn't a foolproof process, you should close anything that is using the disks, and run the rsync command one more time.  Then you can unmount the current drive with sudo umount /dev/sda1.  Now you want to edit your fstab one more time and delete the old drive's line from it, while updating the mount point of the new drive to the one the old drive was using.  Now you can probably get way with just running sudo mount -av again, but I like to just shutdown (sudo shutdown -h now), and physically remove the old drive.

That's it

That's it. If all went according to plan, then everything that used the old drive previously, should now just use the new drive.  I had to restart my remote machines that used the NFS drives before they would connect.

Rome: Decline and Fall?

 https://acoup.blog/2022/02/11/collections-rome-decline-and-fall-part-iii-things/

But this now raises two related questions: first, why did population decline so sharply and second, what was the impact on quality of life that resulted? The old answer to the first question was of course ‘the barbarians killed everyone’ but as we’ve seen, while the fifth century was a violent time, the violent discontinuities were not that extreme. Surely the violence of the period has something to do with some of this declining population, but as noted, the underlying population (with their language and religion) didn’t much change (and the raw number of ‘barbarians’ coming over the frontier was, in demographic terms, fairly small). Most of those Roman cities decayed, rather than being burned. But if the ‘barbarians’ didn’t kill everyone, what did and why did that somehow have a negative impact on the survivors? The answers to these two questions are actually linked in that they depend on the same evidence, so that is where we will go next.

...

If you will permit me an extended metaphor, Rome wasn’t so much demolished by invaders as it was burned down by Roman arsonists who set fire to their own house – and they had been setting those fires since at least 235, long before Adrianople. The emperors of the fourth century (particularly Diocletian and Constantine) may have put out some of the fires by collapsing a wing of the house to smother them, but this can hardly be regarded as improvement, not the least because neither of them did anything to deal with the arsonists (one of which, Constantine, at least, must be reckoned). The emperors of the late fourth and fifth centuries then proceeded to invite people into the house, promising its shelter, if only they would help them light one more fire – and then when the house was burned down and everyone was left on the cold ground, they tried to shift the blame onto the very guests they had invited.

How GPS works

https://ciechanow.ski/gps/

This guy goes into so much detail, with great visualizations of everything he explains.  It's always a treat when he publishes a new post.

My method for backing up a Raspberry Pi

Intro

I have a vast army of Raspberry Pis serving me (although recently I've been liking ESP32 for some of the simpler tasks I've used to use Pis for, and mini PCs for the more complex ones).  I just had my first SD card failure in one.  This was a bit more annoying than I predicted it would be, so I set out to come up with a good automated backup process for my Pis.  As with everything I do, there are plenty of good write ups about how to do this online, and you will undoubtedly find those more useful if you actually want to do this, but I will document what I did here for 1. hypothetical fellow weirdos, 2. myself from the future.

NFS Server

I have a home server, with all my bulk storage in it.  I primarily run Plex and Home Assistant on it, but I also host my music collection on it, which I share out to my desktop and other clients via NFS.  NFS is just the Linux version of network shared drives.  I won't go into details about how to set up NFS, but this is a good overview.

Backup Script

Once you have a NFS server set up, you can just mount a drive there on your Pi with write access.  I then use rsync to send directories to the network drive nightly.  Here's my script along with some notes.

I chose the directories with configuration and data that I cared about in them, although it should cover most uses.

Fixing Christmas lights with a BBQ lighter

I have an old Christmas tree with several independent prewired light segments on it.  About half of these segments no longer work.  I figured it was just a matter of finding the blown out bulbs and replacing them.  I also knew the sets always claimed that if "one blows out, the rest stay on", but in practice those claims seem to not pan out.

In researching how to find the dead bulbs I came across a product called the Light Keeper Pro.  I didn't really understand how this product worked, or even really what it was supposed to do, but it was only $20, and I was confident I could fix the lights with the right tools.

Quick detour here to say I love the company that makes this thing.  It came with three dense pages of instructions, and a full page letter from the CEO basically telling you that if you're willing to learn how this thing works you can fix your lights, and if not then it's your fault.  Here's a 40 minute video about how to use it, it's one of several of similar lengths they have online.  These people just really want us to all know how Christmas lights work.

 

The device has a lot of functions built in; it's really a Christmas light Swiss Army Knife.  The one I thought I'd be using is the bulb tester, where you just pull the bulb out and stick it in the top and it'll light up if it works.  There's a similar fuse tests, although the company reiterates several times that fuses are rarely the problem.  There is also a non-contact voltage detector, which I have several of already, but is nice to have on there.  It's only useful for faults where there is a break in the circuit, like a missing bulb, or a cut wire.  There's a bulb remover tool, which I haven't really been able to figure out, and haven't tried very hard because I don't have trouble just pulling the bulbs out.

The star of the show though, is the quick fix trigger.  The instructions explain you remove any bulb from a non-working section and insert the socket into the front of the device (essentially the device fits like a giant "bulb").  You then click the trigger several times, and the lights somehow come on.  You do all this while the lights are plugged into the wall.

I almost skipped even trying this because it seemed so absurd.  But once I figured out exactly what they wanted me to try, I did it, and it worked, over and over again.  There were probably 5 different sections on this tree that didn't work, and this thing fixed each one in 30 seconds.  Now, to be clear, it doesn't make blown out bulbs come back on, but it does make it so that the "one blows out, the rest stay on" function actually works.  After the section comes back on you have to replace the burned out bulbs with new ones.

It may not surprise you that this led to me learning a lot about Christmas lights.  Now you're going to learn a lot about Christmas lights too.

 

How do Christmas lights work?

They start out pretty simple.  50 bulbs, each with a resistance of about 2.5Ω are in series.  Their resistances add, and so overall the string has a resistance of about 125Ω.  You plug that into 120 VAC and you get about 1 amp flowing through them.  You can imagine that each bulb shares an equal portion of the voltage, so each bulb has 120 / 50 = 2.4 volts across it.  If you took a single bulb and put 2.4 volts across it, it'd light up the same as if it were in a set.  The filament is just a piece of wire, which is so thin that it heats up very hot when the amp is flowing through it, and it glows.  Eventually that filament wears out and literally burns out from the heat.  At that point, the filament is gone and there is a gap which the current can't flow over.  Since every bulb is in series, current can't flow at all, and the entire set goes out.

I took this picture from here and it shows the situation.  If your set has more than 50 bulbs then it probably has a multiple of 50 (100, 150, etc).  In that case it's just a few of these sets of 50 just all connected together at the plug, like the next picture shows.

How do "one blows out, the rest stay on" lights work?

The magic of these is entirely within the bulb.  The wiring is same as above, just bulbs connected in series, but the difference is a "shunt" in the base of each bulb.  The idea is that if filament burns out, then the current can instead travel over the shunt.  The shunt is much thicker, so it doesn't heat up and glow.

How do these shunts work?

This is the key to this entire post.  The shunts can't just be another piece of wire, because all the current would just travel over that instead of the filament.  They need to be "off" normally, and only get activated when the filament blows out.  The shunt is just a piece of oxidized aluminum wire.  The oxidation makes it high resistance, and when there is the normal 2.4 VAC across the bulb the shunt does not carry a current.  If a high voltage is applied to the shunt though, the current will flow through it and the oxidation layer will burn up and you'll be left with a low resistance wire.  This is called an antifuse.

How do we get a high voltage to the shunt when the filament burns out?

This just happens.  I said above each bulb is sharing the 120 VAC from the wall, equally.  However, if there is a gap in the circuit (like a burned out filament), then no current will flow, and the full voltage will build up at the gap.  It doesn't matter how much resistance is in the circuit, if it is open, and no current is flowing, then the full voltage will be present at that gap.  Therefore, when one of the filaments burns out, the shunt in that bulb gets 120 VAC across it, which is usually enough to burn up the oxide layer on it and turn it into a normal wire.  Sometimes the 120 VAC isn't enough though, and that's when the whole set fails despite the "one blows out, the rest stay on" shunts.

How do we fix them?

Now that we know all that, the solution is pretty easy.  Just apply a higher voltage.  You could do this with some sort of high power transformer (like a ballast from a florescent light), but you'd have to apply the voltage just long enough to trigger the stubborn shunt, and if you applied it too long all the lights would burn out.  You'd have milliseconds between when you fixed the shunt and you ruined the entire set.

Luckily there's a simple solution: piezoelectricity.  There are certain crystals that when you hit them they produce a high voltage burst, a static electric shock on demand.  Any time you press a button and there's a click and a spark that is piezoelectricity.  It's how BBQ lighters work, and it's how the Light Keeper Pro works.

All that the Light Keeper Pro is doing is creating a quick burst of high voltage and putting it on the circuit.  It's a weird combo of 120 VAC and few milliseconds of 15 kVDC.  The 15 kilovolts easily overwhelm the AC voltage, no matter where it is in its AC cycle.  The 15 kVDC would fry stuff throughout your house, except it's such a small amount of energy it is easily absorbed by the actual wires long before it can reach anything.  The only thing that burst has a chance of reaching, and effecting, is the very sensitive aluminum oxide coating which is preventing the shunt from carrying current.

And that's all there is to it.  You could do the exact same thing as the Light Keeper Pro with a BBQ lighter.  All it is is a convenient package and way to connect the bulb socket to the piezoelectric spark.

We Analyzed 425,909 Favicons

 https://iconmap.io/blog

Suspicious discontinuities

https://danluu.com/discontinuities/

This page is a wall of text and some charts, but it shows some really interesting patterns in a wide array of data sets.

How I DIY smart home sensors

Home Assistant

I've had a draft post about Home Assistant for years, which I haven't posted because I feel like my HA install is perpetually under construction.  If you haven't heard of Home Assistant, it's a LAN based, open source, smart home control center.  Typically installed on a Raspberry Pi, it has an absurd number of integrations with third parties.  While the UI of HA can be polished up to be pretty nice, its real value is in automatons that never require opening the UI.  This isn't a HA post so I'll stop talking about it, but I highly recommend playing around with it if you have any interest in smart home, and are willing to tinker a bit in exchange for not having to use cloud based systems.

Sensors

While I have a variety of sensors that serve particular purposes, I'm obsessed with collecting basic data for each area of my house.  Particularly, I like to measure the temperature, humidity, and light level on each level on my house (including attic and basement).  I do nothing with this information, but I look at the graphs literally every day, and they bring me great joy.  If you're confused right now, this is probably a good time for you to cut your loses and stop reading this post.  If you're excited for your own graphs, read on.

Data

While you can buy ready made sensors that measure these things, I've always built my own.  They are much cheaper, and you have way more flexibility if you decide you want to add something later.  Originally I started out with Raspberry Pis, and then Rasperrry Pi Zero Ws.  This works, but if you start wanting to do multiples of these, then the overheads of SD cards and high current power supplies start to add up.

I've always considered using an ESP32 (what an Arduino is based on) instead, but they are just more annoying to work with.  While a Raspberry Pi is a full computer, running Linux, an ESP32 is a microcontroller, which means you write a single program (typically in C), compile it and load it up, and when it powers up it runs that program, and does nothing else.

 

ESPHome

While the hassle of the ESP32 has never been worth the cost savings over the Raspberry Pi for me, this all changed when I discovered a project called ESPHome.  With ESPHome you connect some sensors to an ESP32, create a YAML file with the config, then upload the files to the ESP32, which will then begin sending the data to Home Assistant via an integration.  I couldn't believe how slick the setup was.  You can even update the config file and send the update to the ESP32 via WiFi without having to go to wherever you have it installed and hooking it up to a computer.  With ESPHome, setting up these sensors is easier with ESP32s than my custom Python scripts running on Raspberry Pis.

Hardware

These links are mostly dead, as these listing change often.  But, I'll provide them, and the price I paid, as a reference for you, visitor from the future.

ESP32 ($6.50 each) - There are a few versions of these out there, and I'm not an expert on the differences, but for our purposes I don't think they matter much.  Just note what pin layout you get, and make sure when you buy more they are the same layout.

BME280 ($24 / 3) - Temperature, humidity, and pressure sensors.  I used to use DHT22 sensors, but BME280s are: 1. more accurate, 2. use the I2C protocol, and 3. include pressure.  I can put two DHT22 sensors next to each other and while it's obvious the graphs follow each other, there is clear variation between them.  With two BME280s the graphs are spot on.  They are also much higher resolution, which makes the graph much smoother.  The I2C protocol allows you to share one pin across many sensors.  Each sensor gets an address and the host will cycle through them measuring each one.  This makes it quite easy to add another (I2C based) sensor later on.

BH1750 ($7 / 3) - Light sensor; also uses I2C.

USB Charger - I won't provide a link and cost for these.  The power requirements for ESP32s is much lower than a Raspberry Pi, under 500 mA vs at least 1000 mA to over 2000 mA for newer Raspberry Pis.  You should be able to use any random USB charger you have available.

Prototype Boards ($12 / 40) - Not required.  Used to hold multiple sensors together and wire everything up.

Headers ($14 / 120) - Used with the prototype board.

Jumper / Dupont wires ($7 / 120) - Used to connect sensors.  You can technically get by without these if you use the prototype boards, or you can use just these instead of the boards.

Build

Full disclosure: This isn't going to be the type of guide you can just follow along step by step and end up with something that works.  You'll have to understand what you're actually doing to get this to work.  This isn't intentional on my part, it's just the best I can do explaining this.  If you've soldered a bit before, and are familiar with wiring things up to Pis and Arduino you should be able to get it to work.

My goal is to build a "shield" from a prototype board, which will sit on top of the ESP32 and allow multiple I2C sensors to be plugged into it.  Since I2C generally use the same pin layout, the front of the board will have multiple header sockets aligned vertically, all connected to the same wires on the back of the board.  Those wires will go to 4 pins on the ESP32.  I use a few inches of solid core Ethernet cable to provide the wires.

This is the pinout of the style ESP32 I use.  There are a few common ones, and you have to find the one that matches yours.  The pins we care about are 3V3, GND, I2C SCL, and I2C SDA.  All the sensors I buy have pins in the order VCC, GND, SCL, and SDA, this is common, but something to check when searching.  It's not required to have the pins in this order, but if all your sensors have pins in the same order you can create a bus on the board where all the pins are wired in parallel to the 4 pins of the ESP32.

The way I wire the boards up is going to be hard to explain, but hopefully these pictures help.

Front of the prototype board

Back of the prototype board

Start on the front of the board with two 4 pin sockets, aligned vertically.  On the back of the board, wires are soldered up to the pins of those sockets, and run vertically down the board.  It's not clear in the picture, but there are exactly 8 solder points on the back of the board, for the two 4 pin sockets.  Each of the pins of the two sockets is directly connected to the same pin on the other socket.

At the bottom of the board, the wires run through the board, back to the front.  Looking at the front of the board again, the wires then run all over the board to where the pins are on the ESP32.  If you're using a different ESP32 pinout, the exact layout of the wires on the front will look different.  There are also 8 solder points on the front of the board.  Four of them are the electrical connections to the four pins of the ESP32. and the other four are just physical connections holding the top and bottom of each 20 pin header in place, those are technically optional.

Your ESP32 will then have two male headers soldered to it (possibly by you), which will then plug into the 20 pin female header on the prototype board.  Four pin male headers on the sensors can then be plugged directly into the four pin female headers on the board.  However, I have found using a short 4 wire jumper cable between the BME280 and boards will help keep the heat from the ESP32 from influencing the temperature reading of the BME280.  You could also just subtract an offset in software if you'd rather a neater look.  It's not pictured, but I use masking tape to cover all the exposed wires to prevent shorts and class it up a bit.

Software

The software step is way easier than the hardware.  First, follow the ESPHome getting started guide.  Then, when you have your YAML file, modify the following example to get it working with the BME280 and BH1750:

esphome:
  name: rec_room
  platform: ESP32
  board: esp32doit-devkit-v1

wifi:
  ssid: "MyWifiNetwork"
  password: "Password123"

  # Enable fallback hotspot (captive portal) in case wifi connection fails
  ap:
    ssid: "Rec Room Fallback Hotspot"
    password: "random_password_abc123"

captive_portal:

# Enable logging
logger:

# Enable Home Assistant API
api:

ota:


i2c:
  sda: 21
  scl: 22
  scan: True

sensor:
  - platform: bh1750
    name: "Rec Room Light"
    address: 0x23
    measurement_time: 254
    update_interval: 60s
    unit_of_measurement: lux

  - platform: bme280
    temperature:
      name: "Rec Room Temperature"
      oversampling: 16x
      filters:
      - lambda: return x * (9.0/5.0) + 32.0;
      unit_of_measurement: "°F"
    pressure:
      name: "Rec Room Pressure"
    humidity:
      name: "Rec Room Humidity"
    address: 0x76
    update_interval: 60s

 

Summary

I'll admit, that when I list this whole process out like this, it's a lot more work than I thought.  It's also not particularly cheap for each sensor package, at just under $20 each.  But it's hard to find sensors that plug in to the wall, instead of using batteries.  That could be a pro or a con to you, but I hate batteries.  These are also really rock solid reliability, and provide super clean data.  Plus, it's fun?

Feynman: FUN TO IMAGINE

This is an old video, but this is a new HD rip from the 16mm film.  I really recommend watching it if you haven't ever.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nYg6jzotiAc

Radio Transmissions From Police Helicopter's Chase Of Bizarre Craft Over Tucson Add To Mystery

https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/42021/radio-transmissions-from-police-helicopters-chase-of-bizarre-craft-over-tucson-add-to-mystery

On February 9, 2021, a U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) helicopter encountered what was described as a “highly modified drone” hovering in controlled airspace above Tucson, Arizona. A Tucson Police Department (TPD) helicopter was called in to aid the CBP aircraft in its pursuit of the small aircraft, but the drone, or whatever it was, was able to outrun both of them as it flew through military airspace, deftly maneuvered around both helicopters with bizarre agility, and ultimately disappeared into cloud cover above the altitude the helicopters could safely fly. A police report previously obtained by The War Zone showed that the TPD crew described the drone as “very sophisticated / specialized” and “able to perform like no other UAS” they had previously encountered. Now we have the actual audio from the CBP helicopter’s interactions with air traffic controllers in Tucson during the incident, as well as audio from an after-action call between the TPD crew and the air traffic control tower.

How many Perseids will I see in 2021?

 https://blogs.nasa.gov/Watch_the_Skies/2021/08/09/how-many-perseids-will-i-see-in-2021/?linkId=127090324

 

Where Are The Robotic Bricklayers?

https://constructionphysics.substack.com/p/where-are-the-robotic-bricklayers

There seems to be a few factors at work. One is the fact that a brick or block isn’t simply set down on a solid surface, but is set on top of a thin layer of mortar, which is a mixture of water, sand, and cementitious material. Mortar has sort of complex physical properties - it’s a non-newtonian fluid, and it’s viscosity increases when it’s moved or shaken. This makes it difficult to apply in a purely mechanical, deterministic way (and also probably makes it difficult for masons to explain what they’re doing - watching them place it you can see lots of complex little motions, and the mortar behaving in sort of strange not-quite-liquid but not-quite-solid ways). And since mortar is a jobsite-mixed material, there will be variation in it’s properties from batch to batch.

Zip - How not to design a file format.

 https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=27925393

> How do you read a zip file?

> This is undefined by the spec.

> There are 2 obvious ways.

> 1. Scan from the front, when you see an id for a record do the appropriate thing.

> 2. Scan from the back, find the end-of-central-directory-record and then use it to read through the central directory, only looking at things the central directory references.

I was recently bitten by this at work. I got a zip from someone and couldn't find inside the files that were supposed to be there. I asked a colleague, and they sent me a screenshot showing that the files were there, and that they didn't see the set of files that I saw. I listed the content of the zip using the "unzip -l" command. They used the engrampa GUI. At that point I looked at the hexdump of the file. What caught my eye was that I saw the zip magic number near the end of the zip, which was odd. The magic number was also present at the beginning of the file. At this point I suspected that someone used cat(1) to concatenate two zips together. I checked it with dd(1), extracting the sequence of bytes before the second occurrence of the zip magic number and the remainder into two separate files. And sure enough at that point both "unzip -l" and "engrampa" showed the same set of files, and both could show both zips correctly. Turns out engrampa was reading the file forwards, whereas unzip was reading the file backwards. 

‘Scared to Death’ by Arbitration: Companies Drowning in Their Own System

 https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/06/business/arbitration-overload.html

The hair-dryer incident

 https://slatestarcodex.com/2014/11/21/the-categories-were-made-for-man-not-man-for-the-categories/

The Hair Dryer Incident was probably the biggest dispute I’ve seen in the mental hospital where I work. Most of the time all the psychiatrists get along and have pretty much the same opinion about important things, but people were at each other’s throats about the Hair Dryer Incident.

Basically, this one obsessive compulsive woman would drive to work every morning and worry she had left the hair dryer on and it was going to burn down her house. So she’d drive back home to check that the hair dryer was off, then drive back to work, then worry that maybe she hadn’t really checked well enough, then drive back, and so on ten or twenty times a day.

It’s a pretty typical case of obsessive-compulsive disorder, but it was really interfering with her life. She worked some high-powered job – I think a lawyer – and she was constantly late to everything because of this driving back and forth, to the point where her career was in a downspin and she thought she would have to quit and go on disability. She wasn’t able to go out with friends, she wasn’t even able to go to restaurants because she would keep fretting she left the hair dryer on at home and have to rush back. She’d seen countless psychiatrists, psychologists, and counselors, she’d done all sorts of therapy, she’d taken every medication in the book, and none of them had helped.

So she came to my hospital and was seen by a colleague of mine, who told her “Hey, have you thought about just bringing the hair dryer with you?”

And it worked.

She would be driving to work in the morning, and she’d start worrying she’d left the hair dryer on and it was going to burn down her house, and so she’d look at the seat next to her, and there would be the hair dryer, right there. And she only had the one hair dryer, which was now accounted for. So she would let out a sigh of relief and keep driving to work.

And approximately half the psychiatrists at my hospital thought this was absolutely scandalous, and This Is Not How One Treats Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, and what if it got out to the broader psychiatric community that instead of giving all of these high-tech medications and sophisticated therapies we were just telling people to put their hair dryers on the front seat of their car?

But I think the guy deserved a medal. Here’s someone who was totally untreatable by the normal methods, with a debilitating condition, and a drop-dead simple intervention that nobody else had thought of gave her her life back. If one day I open up my own psychiatric practice, I am half-seriously considering using a picture of a hair dryer as the logo, just to let everyone know where I stand on this issue.

River Runner: drop a raindrop anywhere in the USA, watch where it ends up

 https://river-runner.samlearner.com/

Teardown of a PC power supply

 https://www.righto.com/2021/05/teardown-of-pc-power-supply.html

You might wonder how the controller chip on the primary side receives feedback about the voltage levels on the secondary side, since there is no electrical connection between the two sides. (In the photo above, you can see the wide gap separating the two sides.) The trick is a clever chip called the opto-isolator. Internally, one side of the chip contains an infra-red LED. The other side of the chip contains a light-sensitive photo-transistor. The feedback signal on the secondary side is sent into the LED, and the signal is detected by the photo-transistor on the primary side. Thus, the opto-isolator provides a bridge between the secondary side and the primary side, communicating by light instead of electricity.

Try This One Weird Trick Russian Hackers Hate

 https://krebsonsecurity.com/2021/05/try-this-one-weird-trick-russian-hackers-hate/

DarkSide and other Russian-language affiliate moneymaking programs have long barred their criminal associates from installing malicious software on computers in a host of Eastern European countries, including Ukraine and Russia. This prohibition dates back to the earliest days of organized cybercrime, and it is intended to minimize scrutiny and interference from local authorities.

In Russia, for example, authorities there generally will not initiate a cybercrime investigation against one of their own unless a company or individual within the country’s borders files an official complaint as a victim. Ensuring that no affiliates can produce victims in their own countries is the easiest way for these criminals to stay off the radar of domestic law enforcement agencies.

 

DarkSide, like a great many other malware strains, has a hard-coded do-not-install list of countries which are the principal members of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) — former Soviet satellites that all currently have favorable relations with the Kremlin, including Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Romania, Turkmenistan, Ukraine and Uzbekistan. The full exclusion list in DarkSide (published by Cybereason) is below:

Simply put, countless malware strains will check for the presence of one of these languages on the system, and if they’re detected the malware will exit and fail to install.

An A.I. Finally Won an Elite Crossword Tournament

 https://slate.com/technology/2021/04/american-crossword-puzzle-tournament-dr-fill-artificial-intelligence.html

Steam's login method is kinda interesting

 https://owlspace.xyz/cybersec/steam-login/

Draw an iceberg and see how it will float

 https://joshdata.me/iceberger.html

Predicting Hard Drive Failure with Machine Learning

 https://datto.engineering/post/predicting-hard-drive-failure-with-machine-learning

 

 

Simulating the PIN cracking scene in Terminator 2

 https://bert.org/2021/01/04/t2-pin-cracking/

Gaia’s stellar motion for the next 1.6 million years

 

https://www.cosmos.esa.int/web/gaia/edr3-startrails

The stars are constantly moving across the sky. Known as proper motion, this motion is imperceptible to the unaided eye but is being measured with increasing precision by Gaia. This animation shows the proper motions of 40 000 stars, all located within 100 parsecs (326 light years) of the Solar System. The animation begins with the stars in their current positions; the brightness of each dot representing the brightness of the star it represents.

As the animation begins, the trails grow, showing how the stars will change position over the next 80,000 years. Short trails indicate that the star is moving more slowly across the sky, whereas long trails indicate faster motion. To avoid the animation becoming too difficult to interpret, the oldest parts of the trails are erased to only show the newer parts of the stellar motions into the future.

Sometimes it appears as if a star is accelerating (as indicated by a longer trail). This is due to the star getting closer to us. Proper motion is a measure of angular velocity, which means that close-by stars appear to move more quicker across the sky even when their speed is the same as that of other, more distant stars.

Towards the end of the animation, the stars appear to congregate on the right side of the image, leaving the left side emptier. This is an artefact and is caused by the average motion of the Solar System with respect to the surrounding stars.

The animation ends by showing star trails for 400 thousand years into the future.

Cameras and Lenses

 https://ciechanow.ski/cameras-and-lenses/

Over the course of this article we’ll build a simple camera from first principles. Our first steps will be very modest – we’ll simply try to take any picture. To do that we need to have a sensor capable of detecting and measuring light that shines onto it.

Your Smart TV is probably ignoring your PiHole

 https://labzilla.io/blog/force-dns-pihole

Smart devices manufacturers often “hard-code” in a public DNS server, like Google’s 8.8.8.8, and their devices ignore whatever DNS server is assigned by your router - such as your PiHole.

Nearly 70% of smart TVs and 46% of game consoles were found to contain hardcoded DNS settings - allowing them to simply ignore your local network’s DNS server entirely. On average, Smart TVs generate an average of 60 megabytes of outgoing Internet traffic per day, all the while bypassing tools like PiHole.

AI Generated Music

 https://dadabots.com/music.php

We started with the original SampleRNN research code in theano. It's a hierarchical LSTM network. LSTMs can be trained to generate sequences. Sequences of whatever. Could be text. Could be weather. We train it on the raw acoustic waveforms of metal albums. As it listens, it tries to guess the next fraction of a millisecond. It plays this game millions of times over a few days. After training, we ask it to come up with its own music, similar to how a weather forecast machine can be asked to invent centuries of seemingly plausible weather patterns.

It hallucinates 10 hours of music this way. That's way too much. So we built another tool to explore and curate it. We find the bits we like and arrange them into an album for human consumption.

It's a challenge to train nets. There's all these hyperparameters to try. How big is it? What's the learning rate? How many tiers of the hierarchy? Which gradient descent optimizer? How does it sample from the distribution? If you get it wrong, it sounds like white noise, silence, or barely anything. It's like brewing beer. How much yeast? How much sugar? You set the parameters early on, and you don't know if it's going to taste good until way later.

We trained 100s of nets until we found good hyperparameters and we published it for the world to use.